Right of use over land in case of forced liquidation

Right of use over land in case of forced liquidation

Throughout our advisory work, we have frequently represented clients in the forced liquidation of companies in the Serbian market. Although this process is generally straightforward under the relevant regulations, it can still raise specific legal questions arising from certain legal concepts. One such concept in Serbia’s legal system is the "right of use" of land. This inspired us to write this article to explore what happens to land a company does not formally own but holds only the "right of use" over when the company undergoes forced liquidation.

Forced liquidation is an involuntary way of terminating a business entity. It must be carried out whenever the conditions prescribed by law are met. In such situations, company shareholders are often most concerned about what will happen to the assets owned by the company, which will now cease to exist. The issue is particularly complex when it comes to property over which the company did not have ownership but only a right of use, a concept both unique and legally unregulated in the context of forced liquidation.

Forced liquidation of a company may happen for several reasons that we describe here. For instance, the company may be subjected to a ban on conducting its activities. Also, the period for which the company was established (if it was founded for a fixed term) may have expired. Another reason may be that the founding act of the company may be voided. Some other specific reasons may also be the cause for liquidation.

Serbian business registres agency will publish a notice on its website, that the conditions for initiating the liquidation procedure have been met. The company is given a period of 90 days to remedy deficiencies in its operations that are the reason for liquidation, provided they are correctable. Summing up all the deadlines prescribed by law, the forced liquidation process cannot exceed 180 days, after which the company is removed from the business register.

From the date when the notice is published, the company’s governing bodies continue their work, but the company may not engage in new business activities, only completing previously initiated tasks.

The question then arises: what happens to the assets of a deregistered company?

The assets of the liquidated company become the property of its shareholders and are distributed proportionally to their shares in the company's capital. If the liquidated entity operated as a general partnership, without the founding capital, the assets are divided equally among the partners. After the company's deletion from the register, the members (excluding controlling members) remain liable for the company's obligations up to the value of the assets they received.

What happens to land subject to a right of use?

The right of use is a transferable property right, narrower than ownership. The holder of the right of use is not the owner but has the right to use the asset. This right has been a legally controversial concept, repeatedly abolished and reinstated in the legal system. It was particularly common during socialism, when land was predominantly state-owned, while citizens and companies held the right of use. During the transition from social to free market economy, that former Yugoslav republics when through, citizens and companies got the opportunity to convert their “right of use” to “right of ownership”. In Serbia, those who requested conversion had to pay the fee, but since 2023 this financial obligation was abolished. Nevertheless, a considerable number of citizens and companies failed to perform this conversion to date.

The right of use in the context of forced liquidation remains legally unregulated. Our position is that both ownership and the right of use should be transferable to the members of the liquidated company in proportion to their shares in the company's capital. It is common practice for individuals to transfer the right of use through inheritance, so it is unclear why this should not apply to legal entities that have ceased to exist and their members as legal successors.

Of course, if the conditions are met, it is possible and appropriate to convert the right of use into ownership. However, this cannot be done once forced liquidation begins, as all judicial and administrative proceedings of the company are suspended after that point, while the conversion process is an administrative procedure conducted before the relevant Real Estate Cadastre Office.

Authors: Aleksandar Ilić, Senior partner at IVVK Lawyers, Mina Djurdjević, Junior assocciate at IVVK Lawyers


Pravo na korišćenje zemljišta u slučaju prinudne likvidacije

Kroz našu savetodavnu praksu, često smo zastupali klijente u postupcima prinudne likvidacije kompanija na srpskom tržištu. Iako je, prema relevantnim propisima, ovaj proces generalno jednostavan, ipak se pojavljuju određene pravne nedoumice koje proizlaze iz specifičnih pravnih instituta. Jedan od takvih instituta u pravnom sistemu Srbije je „pravo korišćenja“ zemljišta. To nas je podstaklo da napišemo ovaj članak i razmotrimo šta se dešava sa zemljištem nad kojom kompanija formalno nema pravo svojine, već samo „pravo korišćenja“, kada se nad tom kompanijom sprovodi prinudna likvidacija.

Prinudna likvidacija je nevoljan način prestanka privrednog društva. Ona se mora sprovesti uvek kada se ispune zakonom propisani uslovi za to. U takvoj situaciji članove društva najčešće zanima šta će se desiti sa imovinom koja je pripadala društvu koje će sada izvesno prestati da postoji? Naročito je kompleksno pitanje imovine na kojoj društvo nije imalo svojinu, već samo pravo korišćenja koje je samo po sebi specifično i do danas u kontekstu prinudne likvidacije zakonski potpuno neregulisano.

Prinudna likvidacija privrednog društva može da bude pokrenuta po nekoliko različitih osnova, od kojih na ovom mestu navodimo neke. Društvu može biti izrečena mera zabrane obavljanja delatnosti. Takodje, osnov likvidacije može da bude i istek vremenskog perioda na koje je društvo osnovano, ako je osnovano na određeno vreme. Osnivački akt takodje može da bude proglašen ništavim, što je još jedan razlog prinudne likvidacije

Nakon što agencija za privredne registre objavi obaveštenje na svojoj internet stranici da su se stekli uslovi za pokretanje postupka prinudne likvidacije, privrednom društvu se daje rok od 90 dana da otkloni nedostatke koji su osnov za pokretanje likvidacije, ako su oni otklonjive prirode. Sabirajući sve rokove koje propisuje zakon, postupak prinudne likvidacije ne može trajati duže od 180 dana i nakon proteka svih propisanih rokova društvo se briše iz registra privrednih subjekata.

Od dana objavljivanja oglasa organi društva nastavljaju sa svojim radom, dok društvo ne može preduzimati nove poslove već samo završavati započete.

Postavlja se pitanje šta se dešava sa imovinom brisanog društva?

Imovina brisanog društva postaje imovina članova i raspoređuje im se srazmerno njihovim udelima u osnovnom kapitalu, a ukoliko se radi o ortačkom društvu koje nema osnovni kapital raspodeljuje se na jednake delove između ortaka. Nakon brisanja društva iz registra, članovi brisanog društva (izuzev kontrolnih članova) odgovaraju za obaveze društva do visine primljene imovine.

Šta se dešava sa zemljištem na kojem postoji samo pravo korišćenja?

Pravo korišćenja je prenosivo imovinsko pravo koje je uže od prava svojine. Titular prava korišćenja, dakle, nije vlasnik stvari, već samo ima pravo da određenu stvar koristi. Pravo korišćenja je „kontroverzan“ pravni institut koji je više puta ukidan i vraćan u naš pravni poredak. Kao pojava je bio znatno učestaliji tokom socijalizma, kada je zemljište mahom bilo u državnoj svojini, dok su građani i privredna društva na zemljištu imali pravom korišćenja. Tokom perioda tranzicije iz socijalističkog uređenja u tržišnu ekonomiju, kroz koji je prošla bivša Jugoslavija i države naslednice, građanima i privrednim društvima je omogućeno da svoje pravo korišćenja na zemljištu konvertuju u pravo svojine. U Republici Srbiji podnosioci zahteva su morali da plate naknadu za ovu konverziju, da bi 2023. godine obaveza plaćanja te naknade bila ukinuta. Medjutim, značajan broj gradjana i kompanija i dalje nije sprovelo ovu konverziju svog prava na zemljištu.

Pitanje prava korišćenja u kontekstu prinudne likvidacije nije zakonski regulisano. Mi smo stava da kako svojina tako i pravo korišćenja mogu preći na članove društva koje je likvidirano srazmerno njihovim udelima u osnovnom kapitalu. Često je viđeno u praksi da fizička lica međusobno prenose pravo korišćenja na zemljištu putem nasleđivanja, te nije jasno zašto to ne bi bilo moguće i između pravnog lica koje je prestalo da postoji i člana kao njegovog pravnog sledbenika.

Naravno, ukoliko su ispunjeni uslovi moguće je i pogodno izvršiti konverziju prava korišćenja u pravo svojine. Međutim, to se svakako ne može učiniti kada prinudna likvidacija već otpočne s obzirom da se nakon toga svi sudski i upravni postupci društva prekidaju, a postupak konverzije jeste upravni postupak koji se vodi pred nadležnom Službom za katastar nepokretnosti. 

Authori: Aleksandar Ilić, Senior partner u IVVK Advokati, Mina Djurdjević, saradnik u IVVK Advokati 

28/01/2025

SHARE the NEWS on :

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Right of use over land in case of forced liquidation

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Steps taken towards competitive pharma market in Serbia?

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

How to Efficiently Secure Financing for Company Ventures and Operations?

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

E-sick leave software to be introduced in the first quarter of 2025

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia’s Latest Energy Law Amendments: a Game Changer?

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Stricter Procedures for Loans Between Natural Persons Introduced

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Amendments to the Law on Alternative Investment Funds: What You Need to Know

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Corporate Bonds – an Investment Opportunity Created by Naftna Industrija Srbije

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

New Public Call for Incentives to Investors in Solar and Wind Power Plants

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ACQUIRING THE ENERGY PERMIT

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

EU’S New AML Measures

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive: Navigating Trough the Turmoil

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Jurisdiction for Issuing Construction Permits

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

EU Minimum Corporate Income Tax Directive: What to Know and What to Expect?

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Marking Data Protection Day: A Reminder of How Important it Is to Protect Privacy

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Drag Along and Tag Along in Domestic Legal System

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

AI Act - Challenges of Artificial Intelligence To the Global Market

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Understanding NPLs: Scheme, Serbian Context & Notes of Economists

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Insurance – Luxury or Necessity?

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Claims Secured by a Mortgage and the Statute of Limitations

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Alert: New Regulation Concerning Incentives in the Hotel Industry

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Most Profitable Investments In The Republic Of Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Annex to the Employment Contract for Transfer to Another Suitable Job (Due to the Needs of the Work Process and Organization)

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Delayed justice is denied justice

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Regulation of the Government of the Republic of Serbia on electricity delivery and supply conditions: Outlining the conditions for connection to the grid

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Shareholders agreement – General overview and important clauses

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia drafting new Law on Information Security

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

IVVK Lawyers becomes part of the LexQuire family

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia looking for strategic partners for solar power plants

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ARTICLE Benefits of employee stock ownership plan in Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

In 5 years 450 new RES power plants in Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ARTICLE Co-ownership of share in Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia hosts Specialised Expo 2027

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ARTICLE Uncovering legal challenges of AI

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Energy related Memorandum of Understanding signed with UK

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia established quota for solar power auctions

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ARTICLE The dark side of ESG

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ARTICLE ESG principles and their impact on corporate world

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia focuses on energy, IT and biotech

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbian Orthodox Church becomes solar prosumer

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Notary Chamber of Serbia releases E-Notary app

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ARTICLE CFD brokers hiding behind Terms and Conditions

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Process of company founding in Serbia goes electronic

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Upward trend of renewables confirmed in 2022

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ARTICLE Obtaining hemp cultivation permit in Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ARTICLE Legal aspects of cultivation, trade and use of cannabis in Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia's 2023 economic growth depends on IT sector

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ARTICLE Legal considerations of seasonal work engagements in Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

IVVK Lawyers hosted lecture for foreign business people

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ICT sector recorded 2 billion EUR surplus

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Growth of creative industries sector in Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia large biomass energy potential

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Rich gold deposit found in Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia among top 3 global raspberry producers

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbian Chamber of Commerce present in Dubai

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Establishment of Serbia-Qatar Business Council

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia's Securities Commission approved establishment of a new AIF

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia adopted Air Quality Protection Program 2022-2030

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Danube region transnational cooperation program 2021-2027 approved

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Rakija entered UNESCO-s Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity List

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Possible electricity import from Azerbaijan

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia's unique solar energy storage solution

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia abundant in rare minerals

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Luxury Real Estate Market in Montenegro

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

LexQuire meets IVVK Lawyers

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ARTICLE Law on Agency Employment aimed at prevention of labor abuse

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

11 cities and municipalities signed a Memorandum of Understanding

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Price increase of housing units in Montenegro by 40%

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Foreign trade in goods increased by 35.1%

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ARTICLE Tax Incentives to Employers Who Hire Newly Registered Residents of Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Apartments as the leading segment of the real estate market

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Businessmen optimistic about the third quarter of 2022

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Inflation in Serbia amounted to 12.8% in July

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Bank fees and commissions to remain stable in 2023

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ARTICLE Law on Alternative Investment Funds

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Montenegro introduces auctions for renewable energy sources

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ARTICLE Legal framework for investments in energy facilities in Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Hydro Power Plants as a possible energy solution for Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ARTICLE Four-day working week in Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Crops estimations for 2022 in Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

ARTICLE Innovation clusters as high-potential solution for SMEs

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Customs-free importing quotas for Eurasian Economic Community 2023

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

IVVK JOB OPENING We are hiring Junior Associates

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Startups Attract More Than USD 135 Million to Serbia in 2021

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Construction Plan for a Wind Farm in Bor

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

IVVK Lawyers participated in Confindustria HR Forum

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

IVVK-UpSkill Workshop "Presentation on social and TV media"

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia and Azerbaijan up for cooperation in the energy field

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Energy permits digitized starting November

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Belgrade declared city with greatest economic potential in region

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Digitalization of fiscalization and invoicing in Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

New Register of Investment Locations in Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Paysend opens new European tech center in Serbia

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia allows free export of flour from 15 May

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Serbia to announce auctions for renewable energy power plants

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Energy most important for economic development

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Action Plan for Implementation of Digitalisation Programme in Health System

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS

Oracle Corporation opens regional centre in Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

Right of use over land in case of forced liquidation

NEXT

NEXT

Steps taken towards competitive pharma market in Serbia?

NEXT

NEXT

How to Efficiently Secure Financing for Company Ventures and Operations?

NEXT

NEXT

E-sick leave software to be introduced in the first quarter of 2025

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia’s Latest Energy Law Amendments: a Game Changer?

NEXT

NEXT

Stricter Procedures for Loans Between Natural Persons Introduced

NEXT

NEXT

Amendments to the Law on Alternative Investment Funds: What You Need to Know

NEXT

NEXT

Corporate Bonds – an Investment Opportunity Created by Naftna Industrija Srbije

NEXT

NEXT

New Public Call for Incentives to Investors in Solar and Wind Power Plants

NEXT

NEXT

ACQUIRING THE ENERGY PERMIT

NEXT

NEXT

EU’S New AML Measures

NEXT

NEXT

Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive: Navigating Trough the Turmoil

NEXT

NEXT

Jurisdiction for Issuing Construction Permits

NEXT

NEXT

EU Minimum Corporate Income Tax Directive: What to Know and What to Expect?

NEXT

NEXT

Marking Data Protection Day: A Reminder of How Important it Is to Protect Privacy

NEXT

NEXT

Drag Along and Tag Along in Domestic Legal System

NEXT

NEXT

AI Act - Challenges of Artificial Intelligence To the Global Market

NEXT

NEXT

Understanding NPLs: Scheme, Serbian Context & Notes of Economists

NEXT

NEXT

Insurance – Luxury or Necessity?

NEXT

NEXT

Claims Secured by a Mortgage and the Statute of Limitations

NEXT

NEXT

Alert: New Regulation Concerning Incentives in the Hotel Industry

NEXT

NEXT

Most Profitable Investments In The Republic Of Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

Annex to the Employment Contract for Transfer to Another Suitable Job (Due to the Needs of the Work Process and Organization)

NEXT

NEXT

Delayed justice is denied justice

NEXT

NEXT

Regulation of the Government of the Republic of Serbia on electricity delivery and supply conditions: Outlining the conditions for connection to the grid

NEXT

NEXT

Shareholders agreement – General overview and important clauses

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia drafting new Law on Information Security

NEXT

NEXT

IVVK Lawyers becomes part of the LexQuire family

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia looking for strategic partners for solar power plants

NEXT

NEXT

ARTICLE Benefits of employee stock ownership plan in Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

In 5 years 450 new RES power plants in Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

ARTICLE Co-ownership of share in Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia hosts Specialised Expo 2027

NEXT

NEXT

ARTICLE Uncovering legal challenges of AI

NEXT

NEXT

Energy related Memorandum of Understanding signed with UK

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia established quota for solar power auctions

NEXT

NEXT

ARTICLE The dark side of ESG

NEXT

NEXT

ARTICLE ESG principles and their impact on corporate world

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia focuses on energy, IT and biotech

NEXT

NEXT

Serbian Orthodox Church becomes solar prosumer

NEXT

NEXT

Notary Chamber of Serbia releases E-Notary app

NEXT

NEXT

ARTICLE CFD brokers hiding behind Terms and Conditions

NEXT

NEXT

Process of company founding in Serbia goes electronic

NEXT

NEXT

Upward trend of renewables confirmed in 2022

NEXT

NEXT

ARTICLE Obtaining hemp cultivation permit in Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

ARTICLE Legal aspects of cultivation, trade and use of cannabis in Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia's 2023 economic growth depends on IT sector

NEXT

NEXT

ARTICLE Legal considerations of seasonal work engagements in Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

IVVK Lawyers hosted lecture for foreign business people

NEXT

NEXT

ICT sector recorded 2 billion EUR surplus

NEXT

NEXT

Growth of creative industries sector in Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia large biomass energy potential

NEXT

NEXT

Rich gold deposit found in Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia among top 3 global raspberry producers

NEXT

NEXT

Serbian Chamber of Commerce present in Dubai

NEXT

NEXT

Establishment of Serbia-Qatar Business Council

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia's Securities Commission approved establishment of a new AIF

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia adopted Air Quality Protection Program 2022-2030

NEXT

NEXT

Danube region transnational cooperation program 2021-2027 approved

NEXT

NEXT

Rakija entered UNESCO-s Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity List

NEXT

NEXT

Possible electricity import from Azerbaijan

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia's unique solar energy storage solution

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia abundant in rare minerals

NEXT

NEXT

Luxury Real Estate Market in Montenegro

NEXT

NEXT

LexQuire meets IVVK Lawyers

NEXT

NEXT

ARTICLE Law on Agency Employment aimed at prevention of labor abuse

NEXT

NEXT

11 cities and municipalities signed a Memorandum of Understanding

NEXT

NEXT

Price increase of housing units in Montenegro by 40%

NEXT

NEXT

Foreign trade in goods increased by 35.1%

NEXT

NEXT

ARTICLE Tax Incentives to Employers Who Hire Newly Registered Residents of Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

Apartments as the leading segment of the real estate market

NEXT

NEXT

Businessmen optimistic about the third quarter of 2022

NEXT

NEXT

Inflation in Serbia amounted to 12.8% in July

NEXT

NEXT

Bank fees and commissions to remain stable in 2023

NEXT

NEXT

ARTICLE Law on Alternative Investment Funds

NEXT

NEXT

Montenegro introduces auctions for renewable energy sources

NEXT

NEXT

ARTICLE Legal framework for investments in energy facilities in Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

Hydro Power Plants as a possible energy solution for Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

ARTICLE Four-day working week in Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

Crops estimations for 2022 in Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

ARTICLE Innovation clusters as high-potential solution for SMEs

NEXT

NEXT

Customs-free importing quotas for Eurasian Economic Community 2023

NEXT

NEXT

IVVK JOB OPENING We are hiring Junior Associates

NEXT

NEXT

Startups Attract More Than USD 135 Million to Serbia in 2021

NEXT

NEXT

Construction Plan for a Wind Farm in Bor

NEXT

NEXT

IVVK Lawyers participated in Confindustria HR Forum

NEXT

NEXT

IVVK-UpSkill Workshop "Presentation on social and TV media"

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia and Azerbaijan up for cooperation in the energy field

NEXT

NEXT

Energy permits digitized starting November

NEXT

NEXT

Belgrade declared city with greatest economic potential in region

NEXT

NEXT

Digitalization of fiscalization and invoicing in Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

New Register of Investment Locations in Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

Paysend opens new European tech center in Serbia

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia allows free export of flour from 15 May

NEXT

NEXT

Serbia to announce auctions for renewable energy power plants

NEXT

NEXT

Energy most important for economic development

NEXT

NEXT

Action Plan for Implementation of Digitalisation Programme in Health System

NEXT

NEXT

Oracle Corporation opens regional centre in Serbia